Evolution take Home Essay

Biology: Evolution




In the past there were many great scientist but here I'll talk about a few. Some of the few are Charles Darwin, Jean Lamarck, George Cuvier and Erasmus Darwin.

Each one of these men had theories. They were all different from each other. Lamarck theory was towards changing the environment Darwin’s theory was towards animals.

The different between these two theories is that Lamarck theory focuses on environment changing. Creating the need to change. Development of new features in order to survive and newly acquired traits somehow get passed down to off spring.

As for Darwin his was variations of heritable features which already normally exist. Environment “screens out" and traits which help survival tend to survive and have more off spring who inherit those traits.

Those two people have one thing in common and that is they'll be new species eventually leading into that we go into microevolution. According to the authors microevolution is evolution on a small scale. With that involves population. According to the authors population means a group of organism that interbreeds with each other. There is also micro evolutionary mechanism. They include mutation genetic drift migration and natural selection. Mutation means having green genes. Migration means green flow. Genetic Drift means produced and natural selection means predation.

In the theory i am convinced that species have changed over time. You can look at different types of animals on line of the same species and see how they are different. So yes i am convinced that species have changed over time and i believe that they will continue to change over time as we go in further years.

Experiment With Cats/ Dogs

We recently had a visit with a man who came and talked to us about cat and dog population. He talked about cats and dogs around the world and how much is to much. The only way you'll know when enough is enough is when you see cats and dogs without a home. I do have four dogs. I had 6 dogs but i had to take one back to the pound because she wasn't getting along with the other dogs. I found one next door to my grandmas house. She was tied up around a tree with no food or water. I was the only one able to reach her. It seemed like me and her were one. She Let me get her untied and from there she became my dog. Well she got pregnant but we were unable to watch her cause she would have them when we were at school or my parents were at work. So she lost them. Then she got pregnant again but this time my next door neighbor watched her. She had her puppies there, but she wasn't able to come home. I was told that were ever dogs have there puppies they have to stay there, and from there on she has lived with my neighbor ever since then. I am still able to see her so I guess thats a good thing.

Out in town I don't see very many dogs out and around. If I do they usually have a collar on so someone might of lost there dog or might of got out. Some I don't see with a collar, but when I see them once with out the collar I don't see them again another day.

GATTACA

Questions about GATTACA!

1. The following terms were used in the movie. How do they relate to the words we use: degenerate and invalid?

         De-gene-erate-- The lost of there genes

         In-valid- a person becoming weak

         Borrowed Ladder

2. Why do you think Vincent left his family, tearing his picture out of the family photo, after winning the swimming race against his brother?

 Maybe because he not a loser or anything and so he feels that since he beat his no problem with brother he can beat anything out in the world.

3. Describe the relationship between Vincent and Anton.

From in the movie Anton and Vincent seemed different. They didn’t look really brotherly like. They were separate from each other. They were two totally different people.

4. When Jerome Morrow said to Vincent/Jerome, “They’re not looking for you. When they look at you, they only see me,” what did he mean? Can you find any parallels to this type of situation in real life?

I think what he means is that even though you are not me when they look at you they’ll see me in your eyes.

5. Choose your favorite character from the film. Explain why you choose that person. Would you want to be that person? Why? Why not?

My favorite character would have to be Vincent just because he didn’t give up. He wanted some thing and he stuck him mind to it.

6. At the end of the film, you are told that the Doctor knew about Vincent all along. Why did the Doctor go along with the fraud? What would you have done if you were the Doctor?

The doctor probably knew about his condition and wanted him to keep his job. He probably thought to himself if someone had to go through all that trouble then he must love the job that he does. Yes I would of gone along with it as well.

7. The technology to do what was done in the movie is definitely possible within the next fifty years. Do you think that Vincent’s world could eventually happen in America? Why?

Yes I do think that Vincent world can happen in American. Anything is possible if you set your mind to do it.

8. What do you think is wrong with the society portrayed in "GATTACA"? What is right?

What I think is wrong is not letting Vincent work as what he wanted to become just because of his condition he had. What I think is right is he believing in himself and wanted to work there and he did something about it so that he can.

 

9. What were the screenwriters trying to tell us through the episode of the 12-fingered pianist? Is anything wrong with engineering children to have 12 fingers if, as a result, they will be able to make extraordinarily beautiful music?

That it shouldn’t matter how many fingers a child has it matters how well a child can play with those fingers

10. You and your spouse are having a child and are at the Genetic Clinic pictured in the movie. What characteristics would you want for your child and what would you ask to be excluded? Why would you make those choices?

 I would want my child to be smart very creative and able to play the piano. I would pick these just because these are what people need in there life or they show have in there life. Not so much the piano, but everything else I said.

 

11. Picture yourself as either Vincent, Jerome, or Anton. Would you have acted the same or done things differently if you were in the same world as them?

Probably not I would have just done what they did in the movie from what I saw I did not see the ending of it.

12. How does the society in GATTACA resemble the type of society America was during the height of the eugenics movement?

It represents that people were strict about there workers.

DNA Sequencing

This is a Graph of the DNA Sequencing.

For Abby she had 1 base change. It was GAG -> GTG. She was a 97% Similarity to others. Which = Point Mutation. Protein = GLU-> VAL Disease?

BOB  THE->STOP= Truncation Mutation

Carol ACC  CTG  AGG = Frame Shift Mutation

1) Each of the other three people does not match the normal control. I say this because something happened in the DNA
2) NO All the protein matches the normal control. I say this because of the change in the DNA of the person
3) For each person I would expect a normal state just because of the protein matches. There is only really one that does not match. Sometimes one can make difference and sometimes it don't.

/http://quizlet.com/4699060/major-terms-flash-cards/

Here are the Flash cards to the key terms

DNA Extraction Lab

We recently did a DNA Extraction Lab where we actually made DNA. At first it was crazy on how we made it. First the materials that we needed was wheat, water and alcohol. So first we put a couple of pinches of wheat into a test tube. Then we added hot water. As we added hot water we had to stir it constantly for 5 mins. After we did that we had to add the alcohol. We had to had 14ml of alcohol into the test tube. Then slowly we had to tilt the test tube and add the alcohol slowly into the test tube so the water and alcohol were on there own layer.
After we had to wait about 15 min. While the tube was sitting we can start seeing the DNA start rising up into the alcohol area. We notice somethings about the DNA. It was white and slimy. As for the bottom it was a mucus look like.
Some of the things that I thought were happening was that the alcohol was absorbing the DNA while the wheat and water was separating the cells so that the DNA would show up in the alcohol level.
I couldn't believe that that was what DNA looked like. It was so small. It really didn't look like what we seen in pictures how it looks like a latter but all twisted up. I still can't believe we have that in us just to see what we are made of. Know we know for sure that DNA is in fact really in us.

This is what all the scientist said what DNA looks like, but looking at it the way we made it when we did the lab looks nothing like this.

Live birth

For the past two days we watch a video about the life's Greatest Miracle. That was an interesting movie about how a baby is being made and how it starts developing. First it starts out the a women's egg and a mans sperm. Once the sperm as inserted into the women's body the sperm finds the egg and it has to find its way into the egg. Then once the sperm has found its way into the egg it starts to form.

This is a long process to develope a baby. It takes nine months for this to happen. After a couple of weeks the baby starts to form its shape. The the process there are three layers of cells that help develope different parts of the baby. One of them are from the brain and spinal cord and skin another one is for the blood and veins and the last one is for the bone and the structure of the body.

Its weird how a baby takes 9 months to form and a dog only takes weeks to maybe a few months. Sometimes it takes a while for a baby o develop. It looks like the mother who is carrying the baby needs a lot of rest and help. Carrying a 7 lb baby in her stomach till its born is a lot of hard work form one person. Plus with the mood swings that the father had to deal with. Also including the food cravings and the morning sickness that come with it. Thats crazy.

This is what it looks like when a baby is inside the womb. The baby flip upside down means that the baby is getting ready to be born.

PEDIGREE'S

I CREATED A PEDIGREE ON GREG AND OLGA'S FAMILY THEY LOOK NOTHING LIKE EACH OTHER. IT'S CRAZY HOW SOME OF THEM HAVE THE DISEASE AND SOME DON'T HAVE IT. TAKE A LOOK AT WHAT I CREATE FOR THE BOTH OF THEM.

THIS IS GREG

THIS IS OLGA'S PEDIGREE

Questions


1.Do autosomal dominant disorders skip generations?

In some of there cases it does skip generations.

2.Could Greg or his mother be carriers of the gene that causes myotonic dystrophy?
YES THEY CAN BE EVEN THROUGH THEY DON'T SHOW ANY SYMPTOMS OF MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY THEY STILL CAN CARRY IT.
3.Is there a possibility that Greg’s aunt or uncle is homozygous for the myotonic dystrophy (MD) gene?
YES THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT THERE HOMOZYGOUS FOR THE MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY (MD) GENE
4.Symptoms of myotonic dystrophy sometimes don’t show up until after age fifty. What is the possibility that Greg’s cousin has inherited the MD gene?
IT IS A 50% 50% CHANCE THAT GREG COUSIN HAD INHERITED THE MD DISEASE JUST BECAUSE THE MOTHER HAS IT AND THE FATHER IS NORMAL MAN.

5.What is the possibility that Greg and Olga’s children could inherit the MD gene?
IT AGAIN IS ANOTHER 50%50% CHANCR THAT THERE CHILDREN WILL INHERIT THE DISEASE JUST BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE IT DOESN'T MEAN THERE CHILDREN WON'T. IT COULD SKIP GENERATION.

Eugenics Project

      We have been studying Eugenics movement. i was suppose to find out what Eugenics means and other questions, but'll I'll answer one question at a time.
      Eugenics means human population or the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or human population. So basicly just means us people. People studying us and our genetics that we have inside us that makes us who we are that has been passed down from our parents grandparents and so on.
     What this is trying to say is who are the people that should have kids. Who have the right geneties to make the perfect kids. Well no one really knows. Who are we to decide on who can have kids and who can't have them. When kids are born to parents that have a not so good back ground. Its up to the kids on how they want their life to be. They don't have to follow in their parents footsteps.
    My next question was what were the social origins of Eugenics. I don't really know what the social origins are but this what I found out. It started war. Basicly they talked about what they did and how they did it. They thought that eugenics was the only way to solve problems that they had through out the years. Also immagration was one of there problems. They had a bad situation when people started immagrating from southern and eastern europe.
Next is what were the scientific origins of Eugenics. The answer I put was how they did their research. What they used for there studies. Just like us we used a pedigrees. They also did some types of background on a person as well.
Some of there research methods are family trees and pedigrees. They used this to recognized basic pattern of inheritance. There flaws were Difficulty of defining traits, Reification, poor survey and statistical Methods, False quantification, social and environmental influences.
Eugenics research impacted American society by were are able to find out who are the right people to have kids by using a Pedigree. We did it in class experiments on what things are passed down to us. Its crazy on how they lived there life.

Genetics

Wow aren't genetics great. Well not all that great, but its crazy how they work. Its amazing how once a baby is being made they first start off with a bunch of little cells and then soon form a lot of cells. We just got done doing a baby lab. Where me and my spouse Vanessa flipped a coin and decided what we were having. We had a boy and we named it Michael.

My understaning Genetics is that our parents gave us some of there genes to us. The reason why we one of our parents features and maybe not a lot of the other is because one parent might be more dominant then the other which makes us have more of one parents genes.

At first parents have a 50% 50% chance of having a boy or a girl. A boy triats are XY and a girl traits are XX. If the male takes over an X trait its a girl just because the mother can only take over an X there for you have a girl with a XX trait. If the male takes over a Y trait then you have a boy because the mother again can only take over a X trait. So XY together you have a boy.

Is it possible for your baby to have something that you don't have? The answer is yes. This can happen by Recessive. Recessive means that the trait is hidden in the mother or fathers genes and you'll end up getting it. For example me I have a mole and so does my grandma if you can see it mine on the left side and hers is on the right as for my parents do not have it.

So thats my understanding of genetics as we start to grow.

Stem Cell

As I read an article about stem cells  I found it to be really interesting. I found out that there unique properties of all stem cells are that they can split up and renew themselves, they are unspecialized , and give rise to specialized cell types. Some of the words that were important to me and that i needed to understand were cell-based therapies, differentiation, embryonic stem line, proliferation, plasticity, and pluripotent.

Cell-based therapies-  treatment in which stem cells are introduced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damages or destroyed or tissues.

Differentiation- The process whereby an unspecialized embryonic cell acquires the features of a specialized such as a heart liver or muscle.

Embryonic stem cell line- Embryonic stem cell which have been cultured under in vitro conditions that allow proliferation without differentiation for months to years.

Proliferation- Expansion of the number of cells by the continuous division of single cells into two identical daughter cells

Pluripotent- having ability to give rise to all of the various cell types of the body.

Plasticity-  the quality of being easily shaped or molded


Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In many tissues they have to the internal repair system as long as the person is still alive. When a stem cell divides each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become a different stem cell. Like a muscle cell or a red blood cell or even a brain cell. Just imagine if we were all cells and we kept making duplicates of ourselves that would be a lot of people on earth.

Stem cells are important for living organisms because the inner cell give rise to the entire body of the organism. Also the stem cells replace the ones that are lost through normal wear and tear injury or disease. Stem cells also provide a new type of potential. That is to treat diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. In order for this to take place much more work is needed. This is to be done in a laboratory and the clinic to understand how to use these cells for (one of our key terms) cell-based therapies to treat disease.

Stem cells only work when developing and growth. Also if you had an injury in any part of your body. In my understanding of stem cells. Once you are growing inside of you mothers womb you start developing stem cells which divide up into so many cells. Each cell has its own function to maintain. Like one can be for the skin bone heart and lungs, another one can be for the veins blood and fingers and so on. Once you are born you are still developing these cells as you get older. Once your old enough to walk lets say your riding your bike and you fall. You have hurt your arm and scraped your leg. Quickly the stem cells form cells and divide up into what you need to heal your arm and your scraped leg, and as you get older and stem cells will stay with you forever and ever so where you are and get hurt the stem cells are able to repair any damage you have cause to yourself or them.

Click and Clone Lab

Purpose / Hypothesis: Our purpose is to see if the clone will come out exactly the same.
  The mouse that we clone will be brown.


Materials:

Mimi- Mouse we will clone (Brown)
Megdo- Egg cell donor (Black)
Momi- Surrgate mother to grow Mimi clone (White)
Microscope
Petri Dishes
Sharp Pipette
Blunt Pipette
Chemical to Stimulate cell division

Procedures:

1. Isolate donors cells from mimi and megdo
2. Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
3. Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the enucleated egg cell
4. Stimulate cell division
5. Implant the embryo into Momi the surrogate mother
6. Deliver the baby mouse clone of Mimi

Results:

By using the egg cell and the Somatic cells I was able to clone Mimi. First I had to suck the nucleus form the egg cell which made it an enucleated egg cell. Then put it in a dish. Then I had to move the somatic cell with the enucleated egg. Under the microscope I had to suck the Nucleus form the Somatic cell and inject in into the enucleated egg cell. In order for the DNA to re-programmed it takes several hours. Then I had to put a drop of a liquid chemical that mimics the cellular events. Then we have to wait several hours for the cell to divide a few times. After all thats done we have to insert the embryo into the womb of Momi. After 19 days we are ready to deliver to baby mouse.


Conclusion:

In conclusion the mouse came out exactly the same as Mimi. In my hypothesis I stated the the mouse we clone will be brown. I was right. All the genetics came from the somatic nucleus donor.

Self Reflection What you'll wish you'd known

I've recently read the article called What you'll wish you'd known. I understand where the guy is coming from. He is exactly right about when people ask what you plan on doing in life just to start a conversation. That has happen to me a lot. Its weird in one of his paragraph he states that its a bad way to say don't give up on your dreams. In the first couple of paragraph I understand that what he trying to say is that there is no easy way to tell you about your plans in life. That sometimes the way people word there words may be offended or just stupid about what they say. Like in one of his paragraph he says if a 4ft man wants to be in the NBA he would feel stupid telling him you can do anything if you really try. The better way to say something to someone is whatever someone else can do you can to. Then ask what are your abilities and what are there abilities. What someone else with your abilities you can do to.

As for me I realized that it is my last year of high school and im decided and undecided at the same time. So I wish someone would give me a hint on what I should do. My first option is going to school for my RN. Then I realized that I don't want to go to school for very long, so going for my RN would be the best part for me. Then I notice that I wasn't very good in science and thats what you need for all the classes. My scond option was not as good as my first option. It was to be a hair cutter just because you don't have to go to school very long. I think the longest you have to go for is 6 months to year. Then I realized that how am I going to make a living on cutting hair. I'm better off with the RN, but that takes two years worth of schooling.

I've had a lot of people ask me what I wanted to do in life and I told them it was the RN. They all told me that was a good choice. After a while my grandma and my mom both were in the hospital for some time and i ask the nurses about there jobs. They told me it was a lot of work to be done but it is worth it. Also they said if I was to be an RN then I would always have a job no matter where I lived. I told them that I didn't want to be in school for no more then two years, but one of the process to becoming an RN takes three years. So I wish I'd known what i wanted to become a lot earlier then I did now. That way I wouldn't be all worried about how my life would turn out.

Mitosis

INTERPHASE	PROPHASE	METAPHASE	ANAPHASE	TELOPHASE

                                Interphase       Prophase       Metaphase      Anaphase         Telophase         Total

# of Cells in each        20                    10                  3                     2                       1                  36



Percent of Cells        56%                  27%                 8%                 5%                   2%              100%




In this lab we had to tell which cells from the tip of an onion root. We classify each cell based on what phase it is in. Then we counted up the cells found in each phase and use those numbers to predict how much time a dividing cell spends in each phase. Mitosis is the process of making a bunch of cells making copies of itself.

1. What percent of cells were in interphase?

55%

2. What percent were in mitosis?

100%

3. Which phase of mitosis takes the longest?

Interphase

4. During which stage is the nucleolus visible as a dark spot?

Interphase

5. How can you recognize a cell in metaphase?

They have little lines in them opposite of each other